Alike or Different free essay sample

We can attempt to change ourselves, by changing our appearance, putting on cosmetics, wearing diverse garments, adornments, and so on. However, it’s an instance of appearance, yet it likewise includes the individual underneath that cover everybody attempts to take cover behind. No one has ever attempted to take a gander at the individual underneath before making a decision about them. It’s just self image that disrupts the general flow. What will the outcome be when individuals are deprived of every one of their embellishments, when that veil is evacuated? What we get is a rollercoaster of feelings. Things that individuals can never figure are covered up underneath.And that’s one more similitude, which makes mixed up judgment additionally put into account. Emotions are likewise something to take a gander at. For instance, individuals do get glad, irate and pitiful in various circumstances, yet everybody despite everything gets those feelings now and again, paying little mind to reason. Furthermore, everybody experiences a similar life cycle, how they’re conceived, go to youngsters, at that point the high school, center maturing comes after, at that point being old, lastly demise. We will compose a custom exposition test on The same or Different or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Everybody will confront passing sometime in the future. Also, everybody is made by God, and made of similar materials, as some believe.Everyone eats and inhales, everybody has the five detects, it's not possible for anyone to live without a crucial organ, and nobody can have otherworldly powers. What's more, these are generally similitudes. * much more individuals don’t put stock in that platitude, they accept that individuals vary in a great deal of things, and the things that they share for all intents and purpose with others can be taken a gander at from an alternate edge, having them into another effect. For instance, everybody is an individual, yet everybody is an alternate sort of individual, contingent upon character, looks, and abilities.And the way that everybody has a fantasy that will be satisfied can likewise be a distinction, similar to everybody has an alternate dream and an alternate objective for what's to come. With respect to the life, everybody has a real existence, however it relies upon how they live it, and how everybody utilizes it that has any kind of effect. Furthermore, a few people are destined to have the character to be acceptable pioneers, and others have the force and will to buckle down in what they’re great at, while others don’t treasure their capacities, and rather they use it to their benefit, to show signs of improvement out of things, while they cause hurt to every other person around them.That’s a case of being and not having the option to be a helpful individual, to not utilize life astutely, and another way why individuals are unique. Some accept that individuals contrast by they way they look (both outwardly and within), how they respond to things around them, their character, convictions, morals and religions. What can likewise consider a distinction is the means by which everybody is raised, what they’re educated to accept, where and when they were conceived and who they lived with. Individuals regularly receive propensities from those they live with, which can some of the time be acceptable, and some of the time be terrible. That can make a great deal of contrasts contrasted with somebody who was brought into the world rich, lived rich, and kicked the bucket rich. Another perspective on is people’s appearance. A few people truly care about what they look like, and consistently attempt to put their best self forward on occasion. Some wouldn’t really think about that subject. Some consideration, yet not really. Also, that’s identified with both character and physical appearance. Language spoken is additionally a difference.And the way that a few of us can accomplish something that others can’t, which comes down to capacity. Moreover some of the time individuals have handicaps that others don’t have. Now and then there are sicknesses and infections that run in families, and some acquire that illness and some don’t, which is another distinction. On the off chance that we attempt and rundown these distinctions they won't have an end, and simply thinking would take long as well. So it’s not an instance of what is the equivalent and what can be unique, it’s exactly how individuals consider things in their own place of view.So paying little mind to what there is that can be utilized as a contention, and anyway we think the ones who think the inverse aren't right, and regardless of which edge we use take a gander at things, everything returns to feeling, and conclusions are significant. Furthermore, my supposition remains the equivalent, however shouldn't something be said about yours? What's more, what’s increasingly significant is to motivation behind why we take a gander at things starting there of view, and on the off chance that we truly are by and large reasonable, or in the event that we are simply passing judgment on others by what we consider them, and how we consider them. Furthermore, in particular, would we say we are truly being reasonable, or do we simply think we are?

Tobacco Endgame Strategies Challenges in Ethics

Question: Talk about the Tobacco Endgame Strategies for Challenges in Ethics. Answer: Presentation: Based on the given case examination, it very well may be accepted that, the significant partners that are considered in the discussion are investors, government, network, and clients of the organization. In this discussion, both Mary Bender (showcasing administrator) and Randall Hedges (advertising supervisor) are examining about the wellbeing alerts on cigarette packs. The two of them are giving their perspectives about the wellbeing admonitions on cigarette packs (Strasser, Tang, Romer, Jepson Cappella, 2012). In the perspectives on Mary Bender, benefit is the significant objective of the organization and wellbeing alerts on packs may lessen the piece of the pie and benefits of the organization. Mary additionally says that they should consider their investors. The primary thought process of Mary is to acquire more benefits and furthermore give significant yields to the investors of the organization. Mary is against the wellbeing admonitions on cigarette packs in light of the fact t hat to expand the incomes just as pieces of the pie of the association. Then again, Randall Hedges is in the kindness of the wellbeing admonitions on cigarette packs. Randall says that, as per the Australian law, they have to make reference to general wellbeing admonitions on the pack. Additionally, they likewise need to satisfy their corporate social obligation. The organization has a few obligations towards network where it exists. In this way, on the off chance that they will show wellbeing alerts on cigarette packs; at that point they would have the option to work with corporate duty. Alongside this, the wellbeing admonitions on packs will likewise give some worry towards its clients. Randall Hedges is completely cognizant about the administration, network and clients (Australian Government. 2016). Along these lines, it very well may be said that, network, government, investors, and clients are the key partners in the discussion on the wellbeing admonitions on cigarette packs. There are some major moral issues that are engaged with the discussion on wellbeing alerts on packs. The fundamental moral issue is that smoking is extremely dangerous to strength of individuals. Adjacent to the reality, Mary Bender (advertising director) of Big Business Tobacco is eager to sell cigarette packs with no wellbeing alerts on the packs. As per theAustralian law, wellbeing admonitions on packs are fundamental to make mindful to individuals. In the event that they don't put these sorts of alerts, at that point it might make moral issues for the organization (Thomas Gostin, 2013). Aside from this, the second major moral issue associated with the discussion is that Mary Bender is just considering the gainfulness of the organization. An organization should consider its solid client relationship rather than benefit. The organization should offer more beneficial items to its clients. In any case, BBT is a tobacco organization and can't offer solid items to the clients. In this circumstance, it is completely obliged to put wellbeing admonitions on the packs. Besides, the third significant issue is identified with the CSR of the organization. For case, in the event that they don't show wellbeing alerts on packs, at that point they would be not able to satisfy their corporate social duty towards the network. These things show that organization couldn't care less about its locale and furthermore doesn't have any worry towards its clients (Morrison, 2015). Along these lines, the above examined are the most significant moral issues associated with the debate. On the off chance that I were Randall Hedges (advertising supervisor) at that point I will satisfy all the obligations that go under the territory of my assignment. An advertising supervisor is completely obliged to have worry towards people in general and network in which the organization works its business. I will show the wellbeing alerts on cigarette packs to improve the familiarity with individuals. Alongside this, I will adhere to all the legitimate guidelines and norms to work together and improve the clarity of the organization. I will likewise follow all the moral rules to get away from the organization from the circumstance of moral difficulty. In addition, I will satisfy corporate social obligation of the organization. I will consider every single viewpoint that might be perilous to the general public. I will concentrate on the client relationship instead of benefits of the organization. I will show wellbeing admonitions on packs to show my anxiety towards the clients (Fra nck, Filion, Kimmelman, Grad Eisenberg, 2016). Thusly, on the off chance that I were Randall Hedges, at that point I will satisfy all the moral and lawful duties to build the client base just as piece of the pie of the organization. These things would be useful to improve the notoriety of the association and to get away from the organization from moral lawful issues that may happen in future timeframe. References Australian Government. (2016). Wellbeing admonitions. Recovered From: https://www.health.gov.au/web/fundamental/publishing.nsf/content/tobacco-caution Franck, C., Filion, K.B., Kimmelman, J., Grad, R., Eisenberg, M.J. (2016). Moral contemplations of e-cigarette use for tobacco hurt decrease. Respiratory research, 17(1), p.53. Morrison, J. (2015). Business Ethics: New Challenges in a Globalized World. Australia: Palgrave Macmillan. Strasser, A.A., Tang, K.Z., Romer, D., Jepson, C., Cappella, J.N. (2012). Realistic admonition marks in cigarette commercials: review and survey designs. American diary of preventive medication, 43(1), 41-47. Thomas, B.P., Gostin, L.O. (2013). Tobacco endgame methodologies: challenges in morals and law. Tobacco control, 22 (suppl 1), .i55-i57.

How a math challenge can teach more than just math

How a math challenge can teach more than just math Students celebrate at the LearnStorm finals (photograph by Andrew Weeks).Sherry*, a 5th grade student, didn’t want to come to Google. For months she’d been working hard on LearnStorm, the Khan Academy math challenge, and had earned a top spot on the leaderboards. For weeks our team had been working with Google to build the most epic final award celebration we could devise. We asked her teacher, Jen Ellison, what was up and the response was heartbreaking:“I dont ride in cars much.”Ms. Ellison said Sherry’s response reminded her of the crippling effects of poverty. Sherry is ten years old. She doesn’t often leave her neighborhood. “Driving an hour away might as well be the moon.”The thing is, this kind of self-limiting thinking is not only a problem for kids from underserved neighborhoods: most people are held back in some way by their mindset. Last year Edelman-Berland helped us do a poll that showed that the majority of people think their intelligence level is fixed. The research shows not only that this is inaccurate, but also that when students think this way, their test scores suffer, and they are less likely to take on the learning challenges that will set them up for future success.We designed LearnStorm as a direct attack on these ways of thinking. We knew that to be truly impactful we would need to create a hands-on way to practice positive learning mindsets. Could we design a math challenge that taught a lot more than just math? We launched LearnStorm in the Bay Area as a pilot. Based on what we’d learned from other math competitions, we aimed to reach at least one percent of students in grades 3-12, which is about 13,000. Three months later, over 73,000 students from about 1,600 Bay Area schools have participated in LearnStorm. They’ve earned points and prizes not only for mastering math skills but also for showing “hustle,” a metric we created to measure grit, perseverance, and growth. They competed over 200,000 hours of learni ng and 13.6 million standards-aligned math problems. In addition, thanks to the generosity of Google.org, DonorsChoose.org, and Comcast’s Internet Essentials, 34 underserved schools unlocked new devices for their classrooms and free home internet service for eligible families, increasing student access to online learning tools like Khan Academy.Bella Vista Elementary, one of the 34 schools that earned new devices for its classrooms through LearnStormOn Saturday, we invited the LearnStorm students who mastered the most math and showed the most hustle to a finals celebration on the Google campus. These students competed in individual and team challenges and earned educational prizes from organizations such as the Exploratorium, Ardusat, the Lawrence Hall of Science, the Tech Museum of Innovation, the California Academy of Sciences, NASA, NASCAR, and the San Francisco 49ers. Thanks to the efforts of her teacher, Ms. Ellison, Sherry was there. Thanks to her grit, determination and gro wth in math, she earned a prize and was celebrated by 300 of her peers from across the Bay Area at the heart of Google. As Ms. Ellison put it:“LearnStorm taught us about hope, endurance and grit It taught us to encourage one another because everyone struggles. It taught us that you can learn anything. It taught us that we are capable of more than we can imagine…. Oh, and we learned some math, too.”Teacher Jen Ellison tells Sal her school’s story (photograph by Andrew Weeks).At Khan Academy we’ve been inspired by Sherry and all the participants, volunteers, teachers and parents who made this LearnStorm pilot such a success. We’re working with the same hustle, grit and determination to make LearnStorm bigger and better. So stay tuned for updates later this year!- James Tynan, Adoption Lead

Neil Degrasse Tyson s Theory Of Evolution - 1890 Words

Neil DeGrasse Tyson once said â€Å"The theory of evolution, like the theory of gravity, is a scientific fact†. Neil DeGrasse Tyson is an acclaimed astrophysicist, cosmologist, and science communicator and has influence in the scientific world we live in today. â€Å"Biological evolution, simply put, is descent with modification† (â€Å"An Introduction to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). â€Å"This definition encompasses small-scale evolution and large-scale evolution (the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations)† (â€Å"An Introduction to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). There is now enough evidence for the theory of evolution that many consider it a fact and as such are turning away from the idea of creationism as a whole. Because of evolution you can trace just about every living thing on the Earth back to its ancestry billions of years ago. Darwin believed that all life on Earth descended from one primordial form (Naff 61). Darwin didn’t discover evo lution or come up with the concept, but he was the frontrunner in research and a public endorser of the theory. The theory of evolution is correct because of homology, progressions of species changing over time, and natural selection. The first and quite possibly the best evidence for evolution is Homology. Homology is when species share similarities that are signs of common ancestry such as homologous structures. Homologous structures are ones that derive from a common ancestral structure (â€Å"Evidence of Evolution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). These can prove to be very solid reasoning when arguingShow MoreRelatedScience Literacy : The Foundation Of Modern Humans1778 Words   |  8 Pagescultural affairs, and economic productivity. It also includes specific types of abilities.† According to Neil DeGrasse Tyson, a promoter of science literacy, his view is, Part of what it is to be scientifically-literate, it s not simply, Do you know what DNA is? Or what the Big Bang is? That s an aspect of science literacy. The biggest part of it is do you know how to think about information that s presented in front of you.† To sum up these two interpretations, to be scientifically literate isRead MoreEvolution, Structure, And Ultimate Fate Of Neil Degrasse Tyson2479 Words   |  10 PagesNeil deGrasse Tyson is a contemporary astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, and television host. He is best known for starring in numerous television shows explaining the universe in terms of physics. He states, â€Å"During our brief stay on planet Earth, we owe ourselves and our descendants the opportunity to explore — in part because it s fun to do. But there s a far nobler reason. The day our knowledge of the cosmos ceases to expand, we risk regressing to the childish view that the universe figuratively

Dynamic Routing For Data Integrity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1784 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Integrity Essay Did you like this example? Dynamic Routing for Data Integrity and Delay Differentiated Services in Wireless Sensor Networks ABSTRACT: Applications running on the same Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) platform usually have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Two basic requirements are low delay and high data integrity. These two requirements cannot be satisfied simultaneously. Existing system problems are being resolved using this project. In the previous projects high data integrity with low delay are not done at the same time, using this one we have overcome those issues. Keywords: QoS, IDDR, WSN Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dynamic Routing For Data Integrity" essay for you Create order INRODUCTION: WSNs have two basic QoS requirements: low delay and high data integrity, leading to what are called delay sensitive applications and high-integrity applications, respectively. Generally, in a network with light load, both requirements can be readily satisfied. However, a heavily loaded network will suffer congestion, which increases the end to-end delay. This work aims to simultaneously improve the fidelity for high-integrity applications and decrease the end-to-end delay for delay-sensitive ones, even when the network is congested. We borrow the concept of potential field from the discipline of physics and design a novel potential based routing algorithm, which is called integrity and delay differentiated routing (IDDR). IDDR is able to provide the following two functions: Improve fidelity for high-integrity applications. Decrease end-to-end delay for delay-sensitive applications. LITERATUR SURVEY Most QoS provisioning protocols proposed for traditional ad hoc networks have large overhead caused by end-to-end path discovery and resource reservation. Thus, they are not suitable for resource-constrained WSNs. Some mechanisms have been designed to provide QoS services specifically for WSNs. Adaptive Forwarding Scheme (AFS) employs the packet priority to determine the forwarding behavior to control the reliability .LIEMRO utilizes a dynamic path maintenance mechanism to monitor the quality of the active paths during network operation and regulates the injected traffic rate of the paths according to the latest perceived paths quality. It does not consider the effects of buffer capacity and service rate of the active nodes to estimate and adjust the traffic rate of the active paths. This will cause congestion and thus lead to many high integrity packets loss and large end-to-end delay for delay sensitive packets. Delay-sensitive packets occupy the limited bandwidth and buffers, worsening drops of high-integrity ones. High-integrity packets block the shortest paths, compelling the delay-sensitive packets to travel more hops before reaching the sink, which increases the delay. High-integrity packets occupy the buffers, which also increases the queuing delay of delay-sensitive packets. This work aims to simultaneously improve the fidelity for high-integrity applications and decrease the end-to-end delay for delay-sensitive ones, even when the network is congested. We borrow the concept of potential field from the discipline of physics and design a novel potential based routing algorithm, which is called integrity and delay differentiated routing (IDDR). IDDR is able to provide the following two functions: Improve fidelity for high-integrity applications. The basic idea is to find as much buffer space as possible from the idle and/or under-loaded paths to cache the excessive packets that might be dropped on the shortest path. Therefore, the first task is to find these idle and/or under loaded paths, then the second task is to cache the packets efficiently for subsequent transmission. IDDR constructs a potential field according to the depth1 and queue length information to find the under-utilized paths. The packets with high integrity requirement will be forwarded to the next hop with smaller queue length. A mechanism called Implicit Hop-by-Hop Rate Control is designed to make packet caching more efficient. Decrease end-to-end delay for delay-sensitive applications. Each application is assigned a weight, which represents the degree of sensitivity to the delay. Through building local dynamic potential fields with different slopes according to the weight values carried by packets, IDDR allows the packets with larger weight to choose shorter paths. In addition, IDDR also employs the priority queue to further decrease the queuing delay of delay-sensitive packets. EXISTING SYSTEM Most QoS provisioning protocols proposed for traditional ad hoc networks have large overhead caused by end-to-end path discovery and resource reservation. Thus, they are not suitable for resource-constrained WSNs. Some mechanisms have been designed to provide QoS services specifically for WSNs. Adaptive Forwarding Scheme (AFS) employs the packet priority to determine the forwarding behavior to control the reliability. LIEMRO utilizes a dynamic path maintenance mechanism to monitor the quality of the active paths during network operation and regulates the injected traffic rate of the paths according to the latest perceived paths quality. DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM It does not consider the effects of buffer capacity and service rate of the active nodes to estimate and adjust the traffic rate of the active paths. This will cause congestion and thus lead to many high integrity packets loss and large end-to-end delay for delay sensitive packets. Delay-sensitive packets occupy the limited bandwidth and buffers, worsening drops of high-integrity ones. High-integrity packets block the shortest paths, compelling the delay-sensitive packets to travel more hops before reaching the sink, which increases the delay. High-integrity packets occupy the buffers, which also increases the queuing delay of delay-sensitive packets. PROPOSED SYSTEM This work aims to simultaneously improve the fidelity for high-integrity applications and decrease the end-to-end delay for delay-sensitive ones, even when the network is congested. We borrow the concept of potential field from the discipline of physics and design a novel potential based routing algorithm, which is called integrity and delay differentiated routing (IDDR). IDDR is able to provide the following two functions: Improve fidelity for high-integrity applications. The basic idea is to find as much buffer space as possible from the idle and/or under-loaded paths to cache the excessive packets that might be dropped on the shortest path. Therefore, the first task is to find these idle and/or under loaded paths, then the second task is to cache the packets efficiently for subsequent transmission. IDDR constructs a potential field according to the depth1 and queue length information to find the under-utilized paths. The packets with high integrity requirement will be forwarded to the next hop with smaller queue length. A mechanism called Implicit Hop-by-Hop Rate Control is designed to make packet caching more efficient. Decrease end-to-end delay for delay-sensitive applications. Each application is assigned a weight, which represents the degree of sensitivity to the delay. Through building local dynamic potential fields with different slopes according to the weight values carried by packets, IDDR allows the packets with larger weight to choose shorter paths. In addition, IDDR also employs the priority queue to further decrease the queuing delay of delay-sensitive packets. ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM IDDR inherently avoids the conflict between high integrity and low delay: the high-integrity packets are cached on the under loaded paths along which packets will suffer a large end-to-end delay because of more hops, and the delay-sensitive packets travel along shorter paths to approach the sink as soon as possible. Using the Lyapunov drift theory, we prove that IDDR is stable. Furthermore, the results of a series of simulations conducted on the TOSSIM platform demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the IDDR scheme. IMPLEMENTATION Service provider In this module, the service provider will browse the data file, initialize the router nodes and then send to the particular receivers. Service provider will send their data file to router and router will select smallest distance path and send to particular receiver. Router The Router manages a multiple networks to provide data storage service. In network n-number of nodes are present (n1, n2, n3, n4, n5†¦). In a router service provider can view node details and attacked nodes. Service provider will send their data file to router and router will select smallest distance path and send to particular receiver. If any attacker is found in a node then router will connect to another node and send to particular user. IDS Manager In this module, the IDS Controller consists of two phases. If Integrity or Malicious Data is occurs in router then IDS controller is activated. In a first phase DNS packets, Net flow, Traffic filter and Fine-grained IDS client detection are present. Aim is that detecting all hosts within the monitored network that engage in IDS communications. We analyze raw traffic collected at the edge of the monitored network and apply a pre-filtering step to discard network flows that are unlikely to be generated by IDS applications. We then analyze the remaining traffic and extract a number of statistical features to identify flows generated by IDS clients. In the second phase, Coarse-grained IDS Integrity or Malicious Data detection, Fine-grained IDS client detection and Integrity or Malicious Data are present; our system analyzes the traffic generated by the IDS clients and classifies them into either legitimate IDS clients or IDS Integrity or Malicious Data. Receiver (End User) In this module, the receiver can receive the data file from the router. Service provider will send data file to router and router will send to particular receiver. The receivers receive the file by without changing the File Contents. Users may receive particular data files within the network only. Attacker Attacker is one who is injecting malicious data to the corresponding node and also attacker will change the bandwidth of the particular node. The attacker can inject fake bandwidth to the particular node. After attacking the nodes, bandwidth will changed in a router. CONCLUSION In this paper, a dynamic multipath routing algorithm IDDR is proposed based on the concept of potential in physics to satisfy the two different QoS requirements, high data fidelity and low end-to-end delay, over the same WSN simultaneously. The IDDR algorithm is proved stable using the Lyapunov drift theory. Moreover, the experiment results on a small test bed and the simulation results on TOSSIM demonstrate that IDDR can significantly improve the throughput of the high-integrity applications and decrease the end-to-end delay of delay sensitive applications through scattering different packets from different applications spatially and temporally. IDDR can also provide good scalability because only local information is required, which simplifies the implementation. In addition, IDDR has acceptable communication overhead. REFERENCES P. Levis, N. Lee, M. Welsh, and D. Culler, â€Å"TOSSIM: Accurate and scalable simulation of entire TinyOS applications,† in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Embedded Networked Sensor Syst., 2003, pp. 126–137. T. Chen, J. Tsai, and M. Gerla, â€Å"QoS routing performance in multihop multimedia wireless networks,† in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Universal Personal Commun., 1997, pp. 557–561. R. Sivakumar, P. Sinha, and V. Bharghavan, â€Å"CEDAR: Core extraction distributed ad hoc routing algorithm,† IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1454–1465, Aug. 1999. S. Chen and K. Nahrstedt, â€Å"Distributed quality-of-service routing in ad hoc networks,† IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1488–1505, Aug. 1999. B. Hughes and V. Cahill, â€Å"Achieving real-time guarantees in mobile ad hoc wireless networks,† in Proc. IEEE Real-Time Syst. Symp., 2003.

Information Systems Free Essays

1. Analyze the spreadsheet shown in Figure 5-15 and list all of the problems that occur when trying to track the assignment of sheet music using this spreadsheet. †¢The first 6 entries to the spreadsheet seem easy to track however they do not show which member is using which sheet of music †¢After the first 6 rows all the musical works are just listed and you cannot tell who is responsible for each sheet †¢One of the sheet music is duplicated †¢There are no keys to relate the members and the music †¢Information is listed in the wrong columns 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following two tables could be used to store the data in Figure 5-15 in a database: †¢Redraw the data in Figure 5-15 into this two-table format. Choir Member Table Member IDLast NameFirst NameEmailPhonePart 1AshleyJaneJA@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 2DavidsonKayeKD@somewhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 3ChingKam HoongKHC@overhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 4MenstellLori LeeLLM@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1237Soprano 5CorningSandraSC2@overhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 6WeiGuangGW1@somewhere. com 703. 555. 9936Soprano 7DixonEleanorED@thisplace. com 703. 555. 12379Soprano DuongLindaLD2@overhere. com 703. 555. 8736Soprano 9LundenHaleyHL@somewhere. com 703. 555. 0836Soprano 10UtranDiem ThiDTU@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1089Soprano Musical Work Table Musical IDNameOfWorkComposerPartCopyNumberMember ID 1B-Minor MassJ. S BachSopranoCopy 71 2RequiemMozartSoprano Copy 172 39th Symphony ChorusBeethovenSopranoCopy 93 4B-Minor MassJ. S BachSopranoCopy 114 5RequiemJ. S BachSopranoCopy 195 †¢Select primary keys for the ChiorMember and MusicalWork tables. i. The primary keys for the ChiorMember table should be Member ID and theprimary key for the MusicalWork should be Musical ID The two tables are not integrated; they do not show who has checked out which music. Add foreign key columns to one of the tables to integrate the data. i. The foreign key to integrate the two tables is the Member ID column in the MusicalWorkTable. This way when someone checks out or borrows a sheet music they can link it to who the student is. This connects the two tables and integrates the data. †¢This two-table design does not eliminate the potential for data integrity problems that occur in the spreadsheet. Explain why not. . This design does not eliminate the potential for data integrity problems because who ever enters the information has to make sure it is all entered correctly. There is always error potential therefore whoever uses the table must be careful. ii. Also, ther e must be a separate table that has all of the information linked together. 3. A three table database design for the data in the spreadsheet in Figure 5-15 is as follows: †¢Redraw the data in Figure 5-15 into this three-table format. Member IDLast NameFirst NameEmailPhonePart AshleyJaneJA@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 2DavidsonKayeKD@somewhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 3ChingKam HoongKHC@overhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 4MenstellLori LeeLLM@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1237Soprano 5CorningSandraSC2@overhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 6WeiGuangGW1@somewhere. com 703. 555. 9936Soprano 7DixonEleanorED@thisplace. com 703. 555. 12379Soprano 8DuongLindaLD2@overhere. com 703. 555. 8736Soprano 9LundenHaleyHL@somewhere. com 703. 555. 0836Soprano 10UtranDiem ThiDTU@somewhere. com 703. 55. 1089Soprano Musical IDNameOfWorkComposerPartCopyNumberMember ID 1B-Minor MassJ. S BachSopranoCopy 71 2RequiemMozartSoprano Copy 172 39th Symphony ChorusBeethovenSopranoCopy 93 4B-Minor MassJ. S B achSopranoCopy 114 5RequiemJ. S BachSopranoCopy 195 Member IDFirst NameLast NameName of WorkMusical ID 1JaneAshleyB-Minor Mass1 2 KayeDavidsonRequiem2 3Kam HoongChing9th Symphony Chorus3 4Lori LeeMenstellB-Minor Mass4 5 SandraCorningRequiem5 †¢Identify which columns are primary keys for each of these tables. i. The primary keys are the Member ID and the Musical ID †¢The foreign keys are already in place; identify which columns are foreign keys and which relationships they represent. i. The Musical ID in the third table is the foreign ID. †¢Does this design eliminate the potential for data integrity problems that occur in the spreadsheet? Why or why not? i. Yes, because it links the members with the music sheets. If their name is linked the exactly which sheet of music they have out then there is no way for data integrity problems. 4. Assume you manage the choir and you foresee two possibilities: †¢Keep the spreadsheet, but create procedures to reduce the likelihood of data integrity problems. †¢Create an Access database and database application for the three-table design. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each of these possibilities. Recommend one of these two possibilities and justify your recommendation. For the spreadsheet option, some of the advantages would be that it would be easier for most people to use. The user would be able to see clearly which student has which music. The disadvantages of using a spreadsheet is that whoever enters the information must be extremely careful when entering the information because it is very easy to mess up. Also, since there are so many tables and you have to look back at the previous ones to see who has what it can get a little confusing. If we decided on the database application the advantages would be that it is very easy to enter information and you can look up one individual at a time or all at once. It lays out the information very clearly. However the disadvantages would be that Access is very confusing and not many people know how to use it correctly How to cite Information Systems, Papers Information Systems Free Essays Describe how information systems have changed the way businesses operate ND their products and services. One of the more popular topics that I have been asked how the information systems have changed the way businesses operate and their products and services. In my point of views I think they have major three ways in which information technology has brought about a huge change in the way in which people conduct business in different parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most important problem is â€Å"time† So the advantages of using technology is that time constraints are eliminated. Since updated information can be provided to the staff and existing or potential customers at remote locations on a real mime basis and more business can be done. Company can save much more money because they don’t have to pay for their staff to travel to meet either customers or other executives. Meetings held through the Internet are as good as the traditional ones. In fact, companies also involve their customers in the meetings so that the products can be designed according to their needs. Since information from all parts of the world can collect and merged with the inventory management system of the company, the process of accepting orders and supplying the materials has become far more perfect. If the time taken between invoicing and shipment can decrease, customers will bind to much more satisfied. As more and more people start using the Internet for business and personal reasons, if companies don’t adapt themselves and use the upcoming technologies, they will bound to fall behind. Today customers expect goods and services to be available 24 hours, seven days a week. E-commerce is a mode of business where the product is sold through the website of the company. This means that people do not have to step out of their homes to make purchases. Last but not the least whether you are a business to business or business to nonuser concern, you should make use of information technology to maximize pronto b) Describe the characteristics of a digital firm. A digital firm is a firm which nearly all of the organization’s major business relationships with customer, supplier, and employee are digitally enabled. Axis business processes are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple organizations. Business processes refer to the set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated. Digital firms involve both time shifting and space shifting. Time shifting refers to business being conducted continuously, rather than in narrow â€Å"work day† time bands of 9 a. M. To 5 p. M. Space shifting means that work takes place in a global workshop, as well as within national. Questions 2 a) List and describe the organization, management, and technology dimensions of information systems. 1 . Organization: The organization dimension of information systems concerns issues like the hierarchy of organization, culture, processes of business, functional specialties and political interest groups. 2. Management: The management dimension of information systems concerns issues like Job attitudes, staff training, and management behavior. 3. Technology: The technology dimension composes of computer software, hardware, data management technology and networking technology. B) Distinguish between data and information and between information systems literacy and computer literacy. Data vs.. Information Data which is a move of raw fact representing events occurring in the organization before the organization have been organized and arranged into a form that people can use and understand. Information which is a data that have been came a form that is meaningful and useful to human being. Information systems literacy vs.. Imputer literacy Information literacy is more care for create information useful to an organization and its staff, on the other hand computer literacy satisfied the simple use of computer. As technology uses spread beyond traditional computer, information literacy enables staff and organization to gain an edge over their competition. Question 3 a) List and describe six reasons why information systems are so im portant for business today. Six reasons about information systems are so important for business today include: 1. Operational excellence 2. New products, services, and business models 3. Customer and supplier intimacy 4. Improved decision making 5. Competitive advantage 6. Survival Information systems are the basis of conducting business. In 21st century, in many companies, survival and even existence without extensive use of IT is unimaginable, and IT plays a critical role in rising productivity. Although information technology has become a daily, when organization have complementary changes in , it can provide the basis for new product, service, and ways of conducting business that provide firms with a strategic advantage. ) Describe the esoterically perspective on information systems. Optimal organizational performance achieved by together optimizing both social and technical systems used in production can help them to avoid purely technological approach. So it can produce their product much more better. Question 4 a) Define business process and describe the role they play in organizations. Business process which is a use computer’s logic to substitute staff to handle related set of activities; Business processes are the ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, knowledge to produce their valuable product or service. Business processes have four different areas. 1 . For the manufacturing and production area include product assembling, quality checking, and producing bills of materials. 2. For the sales and marketing area. Business processes include identifying customers, making customers aware of the product, and selling the product. 3. For finance and accounting, business processes includes paying creditors, creating financial statements, and managing cash accounts. 4. For human resources, business processes include hiring employees, evaluating Job performance of employees, and enrolling employees in benefits plans. Describe the relationship between information systems and business processes. Between information systems and business processes, their relationship is they can substitute each other. Whatever in management, finance, sales or marketing etc†¦ Question 5 a) Define collaboration and teamwork and explain why they have become so important in business today. Teamwork can raise product ivity. Teamwork requires each team member to work together while allowing their individual interests to become a subordinate concern. As a result, team members focus on the goal at hand and contribute their knowledge, resources and skills to reaching the goal. How to cite Information Systems, Papers Information systems Free Essays The objectives of this research are: Evaluating the impacts of Internet banking on commercial customers’ businesses using a multi-disciplinary approach; the social, technical and organizational aspects will be taken into account. This research is categorized into seven chapters. Chapter one: introduction of the project which reveals the scope of the project, what type of business is exploited, aims and objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chapter two: Literature Review, of his project provides a detailed view of all the relevant literature that was used in undertaking this project. Chapter three: Objectives and Research Methods, outlines the objectives of the project and considers the different ways in which these objectives was examined and researched. Example, by using case studies, interviews and questionnaires. Chapter four: Conceptual Framework outlines the concepts and framework (theories) of the analysis with reference to the literature. Chapter five: Findings, provides a discussion of the findings from the empirical research. It will roved views of the officials and persons interviewed and questioned. Chapter six: Analysis focuses on the analysis of the project. It links the theory with the empirical data where the findings will be interpreted and explained. Any problems or drawbacks of the use of these tools will be highlighted here. Chapter seven: Conclusion is the final section of the main report and will serve to summaries and conclude the project. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a solid background for this research topic and to give a comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field. It must be noted however that this literature review is not all there is to the research on Internet Banking but rather a summary of the research that was done with the reference selected. As technology continues to advance rapidly and give an increasing popularity to the internet in society today business owners are making more use of the internet in order to distribute their goods and services. The incredible growth of the internet is changing the way corporations conduct business with consumers. The banking industry is no exception Noun and CIA 2001). Internet Banking services have been offered by banks in order to improve services to existing customers and attract new ones and also to enhance the products offered by the bank. To sustain business competitiveness, more and more banks or financial services companies are transforming from their traditional approach of â€Å"bricks and mortar† into â€Å"clicks and mortar† under the recent emergence of electronic commerce and business (Chaw and La’, 2003). As noted by Biker et al. 2000 â€Å"physical banks are not an anachronism, but less is sometimes more. † Trust refers to the belief that the remises of another can be relied upon and that, in unforeseen circumstances, the other will act in a spirit of goodwill and in a benign fashion toward the trust (Such and Han, 2002). As more and more financial institutions are finding ways to utilize Internet Technologies to launch Internet Banking services, research have shown an important issue is to understand what factors will impact the decisions of customers in adopting the service. In information research terms, it is the issue of user technology acceptance. As noted above the extended TAM model includes several external variables that are argued to have influence on perceive usefulness in the context of adopting Internet banking services. According to researchers Chaw and Alai 2003, three factors, personalization, alliance services and task familiarity are proposed to have influence on perceive usefulness. The importance of perceived usefulness has been widely recognized in the field of electronic banking (Grunting and Nudism, 2006; Circumstantially and Fink, 2005; Eriksson et al. , 2005; Laborer and L’, 2005; Polytonal and Skin, 2001; Lila and Chemung, 2002) / (Changer and Begum 2008). According to Chaw and Alai two variables proposed to have influence on perceived ease of use are task familiarity and accessibility. As stated above task familiarity plays a role in the factors affecting perceived usefulness, here we see it affects the perceived ease of use as well. The more accessible an information system is the less effort is needed to use it. (Kernighan and Straus, 1999). In the context of Internet banking, accessibility refers to not only the physical accessibility of Internet connections, but also the global and round-the-clock nature of Internet banking. Gogh 1995, argues that if the supporting technological infrastructures are easily and readily available, Internet commerce applications such as Internet banking will become more feasible. In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of Internet banking for commercial customers in FCC, which is the aim of this project, the following objectives will be used to achieve this; Investigating the effects of trust, user acceptance, perceived usefulness and ease of use, security, and risk perception of internet banking. Assessing the impacts of Trinidad being a developing country; the information and communication technology capabilities will be investigated taking into consideration the availability of internet resources and level of computer literacy. Quantitative and Qualitative Research According to Maggie Walter 2006, quantitative research can be done using formal preset questionnaires to ask people specific questions that have a limited number of optional responses. This type of data collection is basically concerned with surveys, structured interviewing and secondary data analysis. According to Alan Barman quantitative research is structured so that the researcher is able to examine the precise concepts and issues that are the focus of the study. Quantitative data are often viewed as hard reliable data owing to the precision offered by measurement. However quantitative research lacks depth as the respondents are not able to express their opinions. Qualitative research is basically concerned with understanding; it is about how people feel about things and what their perceptions are about particular issues (Maggie Walter 2006). This method is generally concerned tit interviews, unstructured or in depth. According to Alan Banyan qualitative research allows the researcher to see through the eyes of the people being studied. However qualitative research can be subjective, difficult to replicate and may lack transparency. In this project both quantitative and qualitative research was carried out. Interviews Interviews will be conducted in person as a way to collect data from some of the customers from the sample size. These customers will be selected according to their willingness and availability to do the interview. Interviews allow us to establish a DOD relationship with the respondents and generate a good understanding of the respondent’s views. Two types of interviews that can be carried out are structured interviews and unstructured interviews. How to cite Information systems, Papers Information Systems Free Essays string(42) " this feature of e-commerce technologies\." Introduction The growth of e-commerce in the world has led to a remarkable shift from the traditional to the modern and internet-based business operations. The internet and web applications are the major drives for this trend. It is reported that the volume of goods and services traded over the internet since 1995 has more than doubled. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The efficiency and reliability that is associated with online marketing can be attributed to the massive implementation of cloud computing systems in the world of business. Since 1995, several companies have dominated the electronic marketplace, including the ‘big four’ group that consists of Amazon, Google, eBay and Yahoo (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.3). Consumer sales are hugely expanding as a result of advancement in the e-commerce technologies. According to the 2005 Forrester Research, the consumer sales had grown by more than 23% from 2000, to approximately $172 billion (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.7). The growth of wireless internet networks, broadband systems and web applications can perhaps be termed as the powerhouses of the modern e-commerce. This paper explores the various unique characteristics of the e-commerce technologies, citing the use of reliable information storage in Amazon as a good example. Overview of the e-commerce models The classification of e-commerce takes mainly two dimensions; the market relationship and the underlying technology. With respect to the market relationships, e-commerce exists in three models, namely Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B) and the Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.17). However, the B2C is the most common model of e-commerce, since it encompasses the business activities as performed by both the online retailers and the potential customers. In the year 2005, the B2C e-commerce was estimated to have a value of approximately $140 billion in the US. However, this volume has since grown to a whooping $170 billion (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.7). The B2C e-commerce comprises of several components, such as web portals, online marketers, content applications, service providers and also online brokers, among others. On the basis of technology, e-commerce is divided into two groups. These include peer-to-peer (P2P) and mobile e-commerce (Laudon Tr aver, 2004, p.18). The P2P entails the transfer of various multimedia contents through wired and wireless networks, while the mobile e-commerce is mainly conducted by using mobile devices and networks. Unique features of the e-commerce technologies The commercial success in e-commerce has been experienced due to advancement in the supportive technologies. It is predicted that these technologies will continue propagating; a trend that will definitely take e-commerce to higher levels (Barnes, 2007, p.118). The rapid growth in the e-commerce technologies can be attributed to the numerous business requirements that have emerged in the Fortune 500 enterprises (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.18). The e-commerce technologies are characterised by various unique features. However, most of these features are also associated with the internet, which is the main driving force of e-commerce. These unique features include ubiquitous computing, information richness, universality in technology standards and also reliable interactivity (Barnes, 2007, p.118). Personalization of the online products, global reach and information density are characteristics of e-commerce technologies as well (Barnes, 2007, p.118). These features are beneficial in the prom otion of e-commerce, since they support cost-effective business operations. The internet and the associated web-based applications are immensely important in connecting e-retailers to potential online shoppers. Ubiquity Ubiquity is perhaps the most unique feature of e-commerce technologies. Ubiquity refers to the aspect of ready availability of e-commerce models, products and services. Therefore, e-commerce is available all the time and anywhere in the globe (Barnes, 2007, p.118). The internet connection provides a solid medium through which e-marketers can communicate to potential customers and vice versa. The property of ubiquity in e-commerce technologies is important since it eliminates the possible geographical barriers (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). Business stakeholders can take part in trading from the comfort of their office desktops and mobile devices regardless of their geographical location, without encountering physical restrictions. Ubiquitous computing in e-commerce helps in reducing the transactions costs, since the e-retailers and online shoppers do not have to print catalogues, product specifications or any other trade documents. Such documents can be produced electronically in the cloud computing platform, and the issue of travelling is largely eliminated (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). The reduction in these transaction costs is beneficial to both the marketers and the consumers. Therefore, the ubiquity of e-commerce technologies eliminates the physical barriers which characterise traditional markets. Ubiquity in e-commerce technologies also enables the expansion of product markets. This occurs in the sense that it leads to the reduction in the entry and exit barriers (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.12). The time barrier is also eliminated in ubiquitous computing, since the business transactions can be carried out at any time of the day. Internet connectivity and the presence of shopping websites are provided every time, a factor that facilitates an appropriate expansion of the marketplace. In addition to reducing transaction costs, ubiquity also entails reducing the cognitive energy that is required in executing e-commerce activities. According to Laudon and Traver (2004, p.12), the cognitive energy is the mental effort that is applied on a certain task. In the e-commerce technologies, the mental energy required to execute business transactions over the internet is lower than in traditional business practices (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.12). Thus, ubiquity of these technologies has helped in generating desirable efficiencies and differentiation models. Information density E-commerce technologies have solved the problem of information overload. These technologies are capable of handling voluminous amounts of data and information, which is an essential process in electronic transactions (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). Cloud-based systems can offer virtual storage techniques, which are unlimited in terms of scalability. The use of e-commerce technologies has enabled the improvement in information quality. The information density challenge is adequately addressed by these technologies, since they are characterised by superior storage and data handling mechanisms (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). The aspect of information richness in e-commerce technologies helps virtually all the online business stakeholders, ranging from the e-retailers, online shoppers and also the cloud computing service providers. The integration of the various aspects of business information is heavily dependent on this feature of e-commerce technologies. You read "Information Systems" in category "Essay examples" The incorporation of various multimedia contents into marketable products is enabled by the efficiency in the e-commerce technologies (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). The large amount of data and information that can be handled by internet databases such as Amazon’s S3 helps in leveraging the aspects of online marketing. Information richness in e-commerce technologies also entails the reliability in collecting and processing of business data (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.14). The assessment of marketing trends in e-commerce relies on the superiority of the e-commerce technologies. Some e-commerce technologies such as Podcasting and internet broadband have led to improvement in accuracy and process precision in the execution of online transactions. In addition, many online products such as music and video streams are delivered in timely manner (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.14). This is because the customer only needs to subscribe to the relevant e-marketing websites, and then download the respective files. Similarly to ubiquity of e-commerce technologies, the aspect of information richness and density eradicates several forms of transaction costs, such as travelling, printing and communication. Hence, it can be presumed that information density is an immensely important feature of e-marketing technologies in th e global electronic marketplace (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). There are many online transactions that are carried out every day, and the need for unlimited virtual storage is a necessity in the modern e-commerce. Open standards Most of the e-commerce technologies use open standards in order to evade any territorial or regional restrictions that may be imposed by some countries. In the open standards, all the technologies that are involved in e-commerce are allowed to operate under a common platform. These standards include the TCP/IP protocol, XML and HTML (Kraemer, 2006, p.355). These universal standards in e-commerce technologies are supported by public networks, unlike the case of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems which mainly depend on private networks. Open standards such as the XML support universal connection in terms of enabling adequate indexing of software products (Kraemer, 2006, p.355). However, the EDI has changed over time, and it is reported that several corporate enterprises have implemented this standard in e-commerce. The Open Buying Internet (OBI) and Open Trading Protocol (OTP) have become reliable standards in the modern e-commerce (SBA.gov, n.d). The OBI standard enables all e -commerce systems to communicate freely, without protocol disparities that may hinder the growth of e-commerce activities. On the other hand, the OTP standard has integrated online payment systems in e-commerce (SBA.gov, n.d). Some of the payment processes that are supported by this universal standard include purchase receipts, trade agreements and also the actual payments. Netscape’s Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a universal protocol that was founded with an aim of promoting the aspects of online privacy (SBA.gov, n.d). This protocol ensures that e-commerce stakeholders can exchange information and data through secure platforms, by a way of using a public encryption key. The SSL protocol supports the transfer of data from any source point to various destinations in a secure manner. Therefore, the system does not impose any restrictions on the basis of regional presence. The SSL has been implemented in various universal standards, such as the Open Profiling Standard (OPS) (SBA.gov, n.d). The OPS is used by e-commerce organisations such as Microsoft and Firefly, in order to enhance security and privacy of merchants and consumers’ data over the internet. The field of electronic payments has received intense attention from various e-commerce players. Thus, there has been a burning need to develop superior open standards that will govern the i ntegration of electronic payment transactions. The Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) is one of these standards, which was recently founded by the world’s leading credit payment organizations; Visa and MasterCard (SBA.gov, n.d). The SET standard is globally used in the banking sector, an aspect that has hugely improved efficiency in the payment transactions. Global Reach As opposed to traditional business platforms, modern e-commerce technologies allow for global reach. The online population has grown tremendously as a result of advancement in e-commerce technologies (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). In particular, the global communication technologies such as emailing, video conferencing, instant messaging and chat programs among others have succeeded in connecting a large number of people through the internet. It is reported that in 2005, the online population was approximately 1 billion people (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). However, this number has significantly increased in the recent past, to several billions. This has facilitated the expansion of the global e-marketplace, due to the implementation of reliable communication technologies. The technologies, through the properties of ubiquitous computing and global reach, have enabled cross-cultural e-commerce trade to take place in the world (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). The unique feature of global reach ex plains the adequate presence of global outlets and sustainable global supply chains. This aspect has improved the sales volumes in e-commerce, with profitability margins equally benefitting. The various business operations can be performed from every place on earth by the use of these global communication technologies which are not restricted by national boundaries. The business significance of this property lies in the provision of seamless opportunities to both small and large business organisations (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). Many merchants and potential customers are connected by the use of this unique feature of e-commerce technologies. Apart from the wide geographic coverage that is offered by e-commerce technologies, the demographic aspects are addressed as well (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). The various web contents such as animations, videos, music files and other digital products can be viewed worldwide by people of different ages, financial stability, gender and also preferences. Thus, this global reach characteristic applies across many aspects of consumers and online merchants. Global reach has enabled the entry of more business enterprises into the platform of e-commerce in the world (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). This is because it attracts a large number of customers and e-marketers alike. The e-commerce technologies have helped in the creation of a global corporate culture, which is an important requirement in developing the human resource models in any business enterprise. Therefore, it can be construed that e-commerce technologies have played a key role in improving global trading activities through the global reach feature. Personalisation E-commerce technologies can offer personalised services to consumers and online retailers. This unique feature of e-commerce is implemented through geo-marketing, a practice that involves the provision of slightly modified products to a specific region of individual on the basis of their preferences (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.16). Other e-commerce technologies such as video conferencing enable the delivery of customised products or services to the interested clients. In the USA, the Wall Street Journal allows the selection of news type by the customer through the use of e-commerce communication technologies (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.16). For instance, this American online journal allows the users to subscribe for personalised alerts on certain events. Thus, it can be concluded that e-commerce technologies are efficient in the way of promoting personalisation and customisation of digital products (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.16). The customisation of consumer’s products in e-commerce is done through constant assessment of the shopping behaviours, which include purchasing patterns. Information density and richness in Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3) Started in 2006, the Amazon’s S3 has become a global example of an appropriate e-commerce technology (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). The S3 was created to offer information and data storage solutions to e-commerce stakeholders. The aspect of information richness in online transactions prompted the development of this technological platform, through which people can store voluminous data. In addition, the S3 offers efficient techniques of data retrieval modification and processing (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). It has largely addressed the issue of information density to the online shoppers. The Amazon business corporation, one of the largest e-commerce players in the world, uses the S3 system to store all information concerning its online products, consumer data and marketing trends. The S3 offers scalable in the sense that it charges the customers on the basis of their request rates and data usage models. In addition, the S3 reportedly offers approximately 99.99% of information avai lability (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). This form of richness eliminates the inconveniences associated with downtime errors. Thus, the feature of information density has worked out to the benefit of Amazon in great measures (Velte et al, 2009, p.142-143). Information density in the traditional business transactions is associated with low speeds of information processing, storage and also retrieval. However, the Amazon’s S3 system offers a high-performance mechanism of handling information and business data. According to Velte et al (2009, p.143), the S3 system is highly efficient in terms of processing speeds. This is because it uses many supportive nodes which enable the reduction of server-side latency. Therefore, online information that is used in e-commerce activities can be made available without any unnecessary delays or failures (Velte et al, 2009, p.143). The several user applications which are used in the storage and retrieval of information in Amazon’s S3 system are equipped with strong interfaces that enable users to retrieve or update data files and information folders in efficient manner. The storage of information in this internet-based database is cost effective. This is because the company charges less f or companies which store voluminous corporate data. Online marketers do not have to prepare separate data files and product specifications sheets, since the system allows for electronic processing of these business documents (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). The S3 is an Infrastructure-as-a-Service model that also enables the users to build reliable infrastructure on which to store voluminous data (Murty, 2008, p.135). This system offers a virtualised mode of data storage, which is therefore appropriate in handling data operations. The Amazon Corporation has benefitted from the S3 in the sense that it enables the company to share large data files with other business organisations in the B2B model. This sharing of large files has led to reduction in data transmission costs, since large amounts of data can be transmitted cheaply through S3. The system’s Universal Resource Identifier (URI) enables a secure transmission of information, through providing the relevant links to data recipients (Murty, 2008, p.135). Amazon also benefits from the back up services that are provided by this system. This aspect of information richness and density ensures that data loss and leakage are avoided. Conclusion E-commerce has rapidly developed in the recent past. This trend can be attributed to the desirable unique features that exist in the e-commerce technologies. The volume of sales that results from e-commerce every single year is estimated to be approximately $170 billion in value. Thus, there is a growing need for the development of better e-commerce technologies that will facilitate significant growth in this platform. There are mainly seven unique features of e-commerce technologies. These include ubiquity, global reach, personalisation, open standards, interactivity, information density and richness. Ubiquitous computing ensures that e-commerce systems can be provided anywhere and at any time. Global reach entails the coverage of all geographic and demographic aspects of e-commerce, and it is solely enabled by the internet, which is the main medium of global communication. Amazon has created one of the most reliable information richness systems; the S3. This system offers speedy st orage and retrieval techniques to the clients. In addition, this system provides a reliable backup for the company’s data and information, thereby minimising the likelihood of data loss and leakage. Bibliography: Barnes, S. 2007. E-commerce and V-Business: Digital Enterprise in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Kraemer, K. L. 2006. Global E-commerce: Impacts of National Environment and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Laudon, K. C. Traver, C. G. 2004. Introduction to E-commerce. The Revolution is Just Beginning. Retrieved June 3rd 2011 from: http://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0131735160.pdf Murty, J. 2008. Programming Amazon Web Services: S3, EC2, SQS, FPS and SimpleDB. Sebastopol: O’Reilly Media, Inc. Myweb.ncku.edu, 2010. E-Commerce: Digital Markets, Digital Goods. Retrieved June 3rd 2011 from: http://myweb.ncku.edu.tw/~wtwang/course-MIS/week15.pdf SBA.gov, n.d. Are There Any Technology Standards For E-CommerceRetrieved June 3rd2011 from: http://www.sba.gov/content/are-there-any-technology-standards-e- commerce Velte, T. et al, 2009. Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach. New York: McGraw HillProfessional. How to cite Information Systems, Essay examples Information Systems Free Essays string(141) " have limited Analytical capabilities but can draw on sophisticated graphics Software and many sources of internal and external information\." MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY ( LECTURE NOTES 1 – Information Systems in Global Business Today)1. Explain why Information Systems are so essential in business today. OInformation Systems are fundamental for conducting Business today. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now OIn many industries, survival and even existence is difficult without extensive use of Information Systems. OInformation Systems have become essential for helping organizations operate in a global economy. OOrganization are trying to become more competitive and efficient by transforming themselves into ‘Digital Firms’ where nearly all core business processes and relationship with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled. OBusiness today use Information Systems to achieve six major objectives: 1. Operational excellence 4. Improved Decision making 2. New product, Services Business models 5. Competitive advantage 3. Customer / Supplier intimacy 6. Day-to-day survival Loading†¦ MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2. Define an Information System from both Technical and Business perspective From a Technical perspective: OAn Information System collects, stores, and disseminates Information from an organization’s environment and internal operations to support organizational functions and decision making, communication, coordination, control, Analysis and visualization. OInformation Systems transform raw data into useful Information through three basic activities: Input, Processing and Output From a Business perspective OAn Information System provides a solution to a problem or challenge facing a firm and provides real economic value to the business. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 3. Identify and describe the three dimensions of Information Systems An Information System represents a combination of Management, Organization, and Technology elements. OThe Management Dimension involves:  §Leadership,  §Strategy,  §Management behaviour. OThe Organization Dimension involves:  §Organization’s hierarchy,  §Functional specialities,  §Business Processes,  §Culture,  §Political interest groups OThe Technology Dimension consists of:  §Computer Hardware,  §Software,  §Data Management technology,  § Network / Telecommunications technology (including the Internet. Loading†¦ MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4. Asses the Complementary Assets required for I. T to provide value to a Business OAn Information System is part of a series of ‘Value-adding activities’ for acquiring, transforming and distributing Information to improve Management decision making, enhance Organizational performance, and ultima tely Increase firm profitability OIT cannot provide this Value unless it is accompanied by supportive changes in Organization and Management called Complementary Assets These Complementary Assets include:  §New Business Models New Business Processes  §Supportive Organizational Culture  §Incentives for Management Support and innovations  §Training  §Social Assets (Such as Standards, Laws and Regulations),  §Telecommunications infrastructure.  §Firms that make appropriate investments in these complementary Assets, also called Organizational and Management Capital, receive superior returns on their IT Investment. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 5. Identify and describe contemporary approaches to the Study of Information Systems and distinguish between Computer Literacy and Information Systems Literacy. OThe study of Information Systems deals with issues and insights contributed from Technical and Behavioural disciplines. OThe Discipline that contributes to Technical approach are:  §Computer Science  §Management Science  §Operational Research OThe Discipline that contributes to Behavioural Approach are:  §Psychology  §Sociology  §Economics  §Information Systems Literacy requires an understanding of the Organizational and Management dimensions of Information Systems, as well as Technical dimensions addressed by Computer Literacy.  §Information System Literacy draws on both Technical and Behavioural approaches to studying Information Systems. The field of MIS promotes Information Systems Literacy by combining all of these disciplines with practical orientation towards developing System solutions to real world problems and managing IT resources. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY ( LECTURE NOTES 2 – How Business Use Information Systems? ) 1. Define and descri be Business Processes and their relationship to Information Systems. OA Business Process is a logically related set of activities that define how specific Business tasks are performed, and a Business can be viewed as a collection of Business Processes. OBusiness Processes are concrete flows of Material, Information and KnowledgeOBusiness Processes represent unique ways in which organizations coordinate Work, Information, and Knowledge, and the ways to which Management chooses to coordinate work.  §Managers need to pay attention to Business Processes because they determine how well the organization can execute its business, and thus be a potential source of strategic success or failure. OEach major Business functions has its own set of Business processes (such Processes for Production function) however there are many business processes which are cross-functional such as order fulfilment. OInformation Systems can help organizations achieve great efficiencies by automating parts of these processes or by helping Organizations redesign and streamlining them. OFirms can become more flexible and efficient by coordinating their Business Processes closely, and in some cases, integrating thesePprocesses so they are focused on efficient management of resources and customer service. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 2. Describe the Information Systems supporting the major business functions At each level of Organization, Information Systems support the major Functional areas of the Business OSales and Marketing Systems  §Help the firm identify Customers for firm’s Products or Services,  §Develop Products and Services to meet Customer’s needs  §Promote the Products and Services  §Sell the Product and Services  §Provide ongoing Customer support OManufacturing and Production Systems  §Deals with Production Planning  §Development  §Production of Products and Services  §Control the flow of Production MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY OFinance and Accounting Systems  §Keeps firm’s Financial assets and fund flows OHuman Resources Systems  §Maintain Employee records  §Track Employee skills, Job performance, and Training Support planning for Employee compensation and career development MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 3. Evaluate the Role Played by System Serving the Various Levels of Management in Business and their relationship to each other. OThere are four major types of Information Systems in contemporary organizations serving: OOperational Management OMiddle Management OSenior Management 1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Serve Operational Management . Such as Payroll or Order Processing Systems that track the flow of daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business. 2. Management Information Systems (MIS) Provide Middle management with reports and access to the organization’s current performance and historical records. Most MIS reports condense information from TPS and are not highly analytical. Loading†¦ MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 3. Decision Support Systems (DSS) DSS supports Management decisions when these decisions are unique, rapidly changing, and not specified easily in advanced. DSS have more advanced Analytical models and Data analysis capabilities than MIS and often draw on information from external as well as internal sources. . Executive Support Systems (ESS) Support Executive Management by providing data of greatest importance to senior Management Decision makers, often in the form of graphs and charts delivered via portals. ESS have limited Analytical capabilities but can draw on sophisticated graphics Software and many sources of internal and external information. You read "Information Systems" in category "Essay examples" MANAGEMENT INFORMATION S YSTEMS SUMMARY 4. Explain how Enterprise Applications and Intranets promotes Business Process Integration and improve organizational performance Enterprise Applications These Systems are designed to support organizational wide process coordination and integration so that the organization can operate efficiently; Such Enterprise Systems are: OEnterprise Systems OSupply Chain Management Systems OCustomer Relationship Systems OKnowledge Management Systems Enterprise Systems Span multiple functions and business processes and may be tied to the Business Processes of other organizations Enterprise Systems integrate the key internal Business Processes of a firm into a single Software System so that information can flow throughout the organization, improving Coordination, efficiency, and Decision making. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY Supply Chain Management Systems Help the firm manage its relationship with supplier to optimize the Planning, Sourcing, Manufacturing, and Delivering of Products and Services. Customer Relationship Management Uses Information Systems to coordinate all the Business Processes surrounding the firm’s interactions with its Customers to optimize firm’s Revenue and Customer satisfaction Knowledge Management Systems Enable firms to optimize the creation, sharing, and distribution of knowledge to improve Business Processes and Management decisions Intranets and Extranets both use Internet technology and standards to assemble information from various Systems and present it to the User in a Web page format. Extranets make portions of private corporate Intranets available to outside. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 5. Asses the role of Information Systems Function in a Business The Information Systems Department is the formal Organizational unit responsible for IT Services. The IS Department is responsible for maintaining the Computer Hardware, Software, Data Storage, and Network that comprise the firm’s IT Infrastructure. The Department is consisted of Specialists, such as Software Engineers, Systems Analysts, Programmers, Project Web Designers, Project Managers, Systems Managers and is often headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CIO). Alternative ways of Organizing the IT Function –A very small company will not have a formal IS group. –Larger Companies will have a separate IS Department. †¢Each Functional Area of the Business may have its own IS Department, overseen by a CIO. †¢The IT function may be run as a separate Department similar to other Functional department Very Large companies with multiple Divisions and Product Lines have an Information System department for each Division reporting to a high-level Central Information Systems group and CIO. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY (LECTURE NOTES 3 – Information Systems, Organizations and Strategies) 1. Identify and describe features of organizations that managers need to know about in order to build and use Info rmation Systems successfully. Managers need to understand certain essential features to build and use Information Systems successfully. All modern Organizations are hierarchical, specialized, and, impartial, using explicit routines to maximize efficiency. All Organizations have their culture and Politics arising from differences in interest groups, and they are affected by their surrounding environment. Organizations differs in goals, groups served, social roles, leadership styles, incentives, types of tasks performed, and type structure. These features help explain differences in organization’s use of Information Systems. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 2. Evaluate the impact of Information Systems on Organizations Information Systems and the Organizations in which they are used interact with and influence each other. The introduction of a new Information System will affect Organizational Structure, goals, Work design, values, Competition between interest groups, Decision making, and day-to-day behaviour. At the same time, Information Systems must be designed to serve the needs of important organizational groups and will be shaped by the organization’s structure, tasks, goals, culture, Politics, and Management. IT can reduce transaction and agency costs, and such changes have been accentuated in Organizations sing the Internet. Information Systems are closely intertwined with an organization’s structure, Culture, and Business Processes. New Systems disrupts established patterns of work and power relationships. So there is often considerable resistance to them when they are introduced. The complex relationship between Information Systems, Organizational performance, and Decision making must be carefully managed. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 3. Demonstrate how Porter’s Competitive Forces Model and the Value Chain Model help Businesses use Information Systems for Competitive Advantage. The Strategic position of the firm, and its strategies, are determined by competition with its traditional direct competitors but also they are greatly affected by: –New market entrants, –Substitute products and services, –Suppliers, –Customers. Information Systems help companies compete by maintaining low cost, differentiating products or services, focusing on market niche, strengthening ties with Customer and Suppliers, and increasing barriers to market entry with high levels of Operational excellence. The Value Chain Model highlights specific activities in the business where Competitive strategies and Information Systems will have the greatest impact. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY The Porter’s Competitive Forces Model views the firm as a series of primary and support activities that add value to a firm’s products or services. Primary activities are directly related to production and distribution, whereas support activities make the delivery of primary activities possible. A Firm’s Value Chain can be linked to that value chains of its Suppliers, Distributors, and Customers. A Value Web consist of Information Systems that enhance competitiveness at the Industry level by promoting the use of standards and industry-wide consortia, and by enabling businesses to work more efficiently with their value partners. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 4. Demonstrate how Information Systems help Business use Synergies, Core Competences, and Network-based Strategies to achieve Competitive Advantages. Because firms consists multiple business units, Information Systems achieve additional efficiencies or enhanced services by trying together the operations of disparate business units. Information Systems help businesses leverage their core competences by promoting the sharing of knowledge across business units. Information Systems facilitate Business Models based on large Networks of Networks to link to other firms so that a company can use the capabilities of other companies to together to deliver value to the customer. Information Systems support a dense Network of interactioms among the participating firms. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 5. Asses the challenges posed by Strategic Information Systems and Management solutions. Implementing Strategic Systems often requires extensive organizational change and a transition from one Sociotechnical level to another. †¢Such changes are called Strategic Transitions and are often difficult and painful to achieve. Moreover, not all Strategic Systems are profitable, and they can be expensive to build. Many Strategic Information Systems are easily copied by other firms so that strategic advantage is not always sustainable. A strategic Systems Analysis is helpful. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY (LECTURE NOTES 4 – Foundations of Business Intelligence) 1. Evaluate Tools and Technologies for providing Information from Databases to improve Business Performance and Decision making. Powerful tools are available to analyze and access the Information in Databases. A Data warehouse consolidates current and historical data from many different Operational Systems in a central Database designed for reporting and Analysis. Data Warehouse support multidimensional data analysis, also known as Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). OLAP represents relationships among data as a multidimensional structure, which can be visualized as cubes of data and cubes within cubes of data, enabling more sophisticated Data Analysis. Data Mining analyzes large pools of data, including the contents of Data Warehouses, to find patterns and rules that can be used to predict future behaviour and Decision making. Conventional Databases can be linked via Middleware to the Web or a Web interface to facilitate user access to an organization’s internal data, . MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 2. Asses the role of Information Policy, Data Administration, and Data quality assurance in the Management of Organizational Data resources. Developing a Database environment requires Policies and Procedures for managing Organizational data as well as a good Data Model and Database Technology. A formal Information Policy govern the Maintenance, Distribution, and use of Information in the organization. In a large corporations, a formal Data Administration function is responsible for Information Policy, as well as for data Planning, Data Dictionary development, and monitoring data usage in the firm. Data that are inaccurate, incomplete, or inconsistent create serious Operational and Financial problems for business because they may create inaccuracies in Product pricing, Customer accounts, and Inventory data, and leads to inaccurate decisions about the actions that should be taken by the firm. Firms must take special steps to make sure they have a high level of Data quality. These include using Enterprise-wide Data Standards, Databases designed to minimize inconsistent and redundant data, Data Quality Audits, and Data Cleansing Software. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY (LECTURE NOTES 5 – IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies) How to cite Information Systems, Essay examples

Ielts prepraation free essay sample

?The IELTS Academic and General Writing Modules are similar in some ways and different in others. Whichever test you do, you have one hour to complete two tasks. It is the nature of the tasks that makes them different. You can see this clearly in the chart below: General Academic Task 1 Minimum 150 words Writing a letter in response to a situation – informal, semi-formal, or formal Minimum 150 words Interpreting, describing, or comparing information presented in graphic form a diagram, bar chart, line graph, pie chart or table Task 2 Minimum 250 words Writing a more personal essay – possible informal style Minimum 250 words Writing an essay on a general academic topic – formal style In both cases, your score is based on three fundamental criteria: Content: How well do you r present your arguments, ideas and evidence? Quality: How effectively are you able to communicate your ideas and thoughts? Technical Aspects: How correct is your grammar? How rich is your vocabulary? How varied are your sentences? To complete an organized, coherent piece of writing, you need to take 2-5 minutes to plan. During this time, you can consider what position you will adopt, how youre going to expand on the topic and in what order you will present your ideas. You should skip the planning activity only if you have very little time left. In such a case, you can work directly on the task itself. Of course, grammar and vocabulary will also be assessed. Make sure you check your writing for verb tense agreement, prepositions, word order, sentence patterns, sentence structure, and range of vocabulary. Avoid using the same verbs, nouns, or adjectives more than once. Do not use slang at all. In the academic section of the IELTS, avoid contractions, which are a clear symbol of informal writing. Free Sample IELTS Essays The following sample IELTS essays will give you an idea of how to develop your essay topic into a well-structured, full-length essay. All the essays below will help you; however, the first free sample essay â€Å"Computers and Children†, will help you in a special way as it provides two responses to the same essay – one which is good and the other which is great. Read through them to discover the difference and to learn how your essay can go from good to great. A top-scoring essay has a variety of clear characteristics which distinguish it from a mediocre essay. Here are a few of them: Upgraded, advanced vocabulary, instead of commonly-used words expressions Varied sentence structure, instead of only short, simple sentences Complex grammatical structures, instead of very basic ones Dynamic style, instead of lack of style Examples, details and transition words, instead of empty repetition Even if you think you are a poor writer today, you can learn how to take your simple essay and transform it into something much more effective. Adding some of the winning elements from the sample essays below will give you the extra marks you need to become a high-scorer on the IELTS. Free Sample IELTS Essay 1 Computers Children 1 Essay, 2 Results: How to Transform a Good IELTS Essay into a Great IELTS Essay To get a high score on your IELTS essay, you need to know what a great essay consists of. To help you understand this, we have given you a chance to read two versions of the same essay – one good and the other great. Both versions have been written by an experienced IELTS trainer. Just read the two versions of the same sample essay below. You may wish to print them out to compare them more easily. Then, try to learn some expressions and sentence structures from the high-scoring essay. Use them, if possible, on exam day, and you will certainly get higher marks on your IELTS essay. Be sure to check out our other free sample IELTS essays, too. Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on children. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Essay 1 – High Score – Band 8-9 In todays modern world, computers are an essential part of everyday life. Around the globe, children often use computers from a very young age. Although, it is important for children to participate in various well-balanced activities, in my opinion, children who use the computer daily are actually developing a critical skill for future success. The bases for my views are personal, academic, and professional. In todays modern world, computers are needed everyday. Around the world, children use computers from the time they are little. Its true that children should have fun when they are young; however, in my opinion, a child who knows how to use the computer will be more successful in the future. My reasons for this view are personal, academic and professional. From a personal point of view, computers are an invaluable resource to help young people explore the world around them. For example, children who use Internet to satisfy their curiosity about diverse topics are already becoming independent learners. No child with a computer is ever bored! By starting early in their lives, children feel totally at ease around computers; they are also able to take advantage of the wide range of services computers provide. From a personal point of view, computers can help young people to learn more about the world. For example, some children use the Internet to find information on different subjects. In this way, they learn to find answers by themselves. By using the computer when they are little, children feel more comfortable around computers. They also know how to use the computer for different reasons. From an academic viewpoint, children have no choice but to master this technological invention. For instance, when I was in university, students brought their laptops to class to take notes, do research and exchange information. They wrote assignments, created presentations and developed databases. Children who build early confidence and experience in these abilities are at a distinct advantage over those who have not. From a professional perspective, the computer has found a permanent place in the workplace. Today, employers still pay to provide computer training to their employees. Tomorrow, corporations will expect prospective job applicants to already possess these critical job skills. Consequently, parents who encourage their child to use the computer for a reasonable period of time daily are in fact investing in the childs future career. In conclusion, there is no doubt that the computer as a technological tool is here to stay. The sooner children become computer-literate, the better for many aspects of their future lives. (299 words) Essay 1 – Medium Score – Band 5-6 In todays modern world, computers are needed everyday. Around the world, children use computers from the time they are little. Its true that children should have fun when they are young; however, in my opinion, a child who knows how to use the computer will be more successful in the future. My reasons for this view are personal, academic and professional. From a personal point of view, computers can help young people to learn more about the world. For example, some children use the Internet to find information on different subjects. In this way, they learn to find answers by themselves. By using the computer when they are little, children feel more comfortable around computers. They also know how to use the computer for different reasons. From an academic viewpoint, children have to learn how to use this new invention. For instance, when I was in college, many students used to bring their laptops to class. They used to take notes, do research and share information. They wrote their essays, made presentations and created useful lists. Children who can use the computer when they are young have more confidence than other children. From a professional perspective, the computer is found in every kind of office. Today, employers will still hire people who cannot use computers and give them computer training. But tomorrow, companies will expect people to have these skills already. As a result, by encouraging children to use the computer for a short time every day, parents are preparing their children for future jobs. In conclusion, it is clear that computers are now a part of our regular life. Children who can use computers easily and confidently will do better in the future 1. Read each paragraph and use the highlighted phrases / words to make a sentence. 2. Read the comments below each para. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Model answer Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it. (Talks about change as an in escapable fact.. thus showing his view that we need to keep pace with it. ) Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the ‘safe’ patterns of behaviour are no longer appropriate. (shows how change is inevitable job requirements change and safe is a myth) However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better’. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments) that are in their own interests. (As the essay asks to discuss both the views this para is devoted to tell the other side of how imposed changes can be harmful) In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energising for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes. 290 including punctuations. In essence, most people have a need to be safe and feel secure in what they are doing and where they are living. They resist changes for many reasons. However, it is my opinion that being able to change is a good behaviour to keep up with our uncertain world. (Discussed the topic and clearly gives his opinion at the beginning) Some people resist changes because they think of what they will lose rather than what they may gain. It is very hard for them to learn new skills, to use a new technology and improve work-efficiency. Psychologically, they do not want to change the way they have been doing things to what they are not familiar with. Take farmers as an example. A grape farmer may avoid adopting advanced technology to harvest and store grapes , because he will need to study and learn new techniques. He feels insecure as he is unsure whether he will be able to learn thus, does not adopt the change. (Gives reason why people resist change; This is not asked in the essay thus its irrelevant; however, gives a good example of farmer) However, change often brings new opportunities to those who are flexible and adaptive to uncertain life. It cannot be denied that the future is unpredictable. New technologies have emerged so fast that no one is able to know up front how jobs and lives are going to be. In other words, change is a continuous process. It is better to flow with the tide rather than resisting it if the probabilities of improvements overweigh the risks involved. For example, if workers in the farm know how to use the cutting machine effectively, they might receive incentives in the form of better productivity. Ultimately, it is my view that change always happens when forces for change are greater than the forces for remaining the same. People need to be well-educated, and pragmatic to understand that changes are logical and rational to adapt to their living environment. Comments: Does not talk about how changes can be harmful. So deals with one aspect only. Gives reasons of why people may resist change.. which is not asked. Good Essay: Change is the only constant in this world. However, there are those who stick to age old methods of doing things and resist change. In my view, a prudent and pragmatic approach would be to flow with the tide and embrace change rather than eschew it. Thanks to unprecedented advancements in the field of science and technology, old methods are fast giving way to newer and better ways. Thus, we no longer use bulky computers; we have smaller and faster laptops. Even the mobiles and palm size think-pads are more capable then the bulky machines prevalent in earlier days. Similar changes are witnessed in the field of transport and agriculture. Newer and faster means of transport like budget flights are commonplace. On the other hand, use of better fertilizers and genetically engineered seeds has revolutionized the agriculture industry to meet the demands of the day. In essence, change is not a choice anymore but an inevitable truth for a healthier and better life. However, (On the other hand), to say that every change would be beneficial sounds more like an exaggeration. The behaviour of modern gullible youth is a case in point. In order to look more trendy and fashionable they adapt to new fads of fashion, eat unhealthy fast food and spend their hard earned money flaunting their new mobiles or cars. These are examples of wasteful changes which need to be avoided. In my view, the best approach would be to adapt a middle path in this regard. Before embracing any change it would be wise to do a cost benefit analysis and if advantages overweigh risks, one should promptly and wholeheartedly welcome change. Life is a profound book, those who never change their ways end up reading only one page! Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of the advertising and not the real needs of the society in which they are sold. To what extent do you agree or disagree? This topic is akin to the age old conundrum: which came first: Chicken or Egg. While some people believe that advertisements have fuelled the recent surge in sale of consumer products; other argue that unprecedented demand and changed lifestyles have fostered and incentivised the advertisement industry to produce expensive advertisements which entice common man. A deep dive into the cause and effect relationship between advertisement and consumerism will help us appreciate this subject holistically. (Comments: Introduces in an interesting way chicken or egg uses idiomatic English.. Fuelled by deep dive etc.. and good words.. like conundrum, holistically) Last few decades have witnessed an unforeseen change in lifestyles and demands. This has forced scientists and manufacturers to introduce better and advanced products. Advertisements play a vital role of introducing these products. Some of the consumer s may get swayed to buy products which they may not really need; majority of them buy what they really need. (Comments: Puts the role of advertisements in the correct perspective of introducing products presents his view that sale is as a result of real demand) Advertisements do affect our priorities and preferences to a certain extend and sometimes coerce us to buy products which we may not really need. Thus, celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan eulogizing the charisma of two-minutes-maggi have made a few of us to include Maggi as a staple diet. Similarly, luminaries like Shaharukh Khan and others endorsing beauty products like ‘fairness cream for men’ and likes, make some of us re-evaluate our age old standards of ‘tall dark and handsome’ man and purchase these new products. However, saying that the recent spurt in sale of consumer goods is solely because of coercive advertisements sounds a little exaggerated. Advertisement at best can bring about an ephemeral surge in the sale of some products by seducing the gullible youth and kids; its the real demand and utility of the product that affect its sale. Thus, in the final analysis, it is the real need of the product that drives the sale of it in the longer run. Advertisement can bring a ‘flash in the pan’ surge. In the recent times, advertising has emerged as the most effective tool for marketing and promoting products. People are always keen to look for latest products available in the market irrespective of their price and usage. In my opinion, advertising industry is the sole driver of sale of consumer goods. (Gives a precise three line introduction and states his point of view very clearly. ) To begin with, on ethical grounds advertising industry has lost its real purpose of awareness. People have become more materialistic by the flamboyant image of products. This can be illustrated by the example of current Indian car market. Initially there were only few Japanese automobile companies in India, invasion of expensive German cars have enthralled whole market response. People are financing cars madly, in spite of hefty rate of interest. They have forgotten about their genuine need of four wheeler vehicle. (Although the point is strongly made, the title does not talk of ethics sticking to the point is better approach.. ) Secondly, it is generally felt that more frequent ads of different brands with top end players or most popular film stars have induced people for brand loyalty. Top end players and famous film stars acts as role models. Such ads induce younger generation adversely, ultimately raised a question of affordability for parents. For instance, Promoters often take Indian cricket star batsman Sachin Tendulkar as their brand ambassador, in order to attract innocent children for selling their products. (again the opinion mentioned here is not asked although the point is valid) Thirdly, opponents widely point out that advertisements sometimes manipulate factual information. Ad makers nowadays try to hide real facts about the product and emphasize mainly about its eye catchy merits. They play with sentiments of consumer by misguiding them. For example, in most of ads, promoters show only easy affordable EMIs but they would not tell you the hidden cost attached with that commodity. (Not asked ) In contrast, supporters often maintain that advertisements act as most efficient tool of marketing and raising awareness about availability of products in current markets. It enhances consumer approach and knowledge in a more precise way. For example, in general companies mainly concentrate on metropolitan areas for marketing and promotions due to their restricted budgets. These TV ads provide great deal of awareness to countrymen about available products in market. (Gives ex.. of how ads can help spread awareness.. thus implicitly tells that they may help generate more sales) To sum up, unethical means of advertisements has raised a question on medias efficiency and integrity. After considering every aspect, I like to reiterate that ad makers and promoters should understand their main goal of public awareness and should take rigorous steps to eradicate unwanted means which thwarts our progress. Comments: +: Uses good language; and substantiates with an example everytime. -: The topic is not adhered to the question is directly related to surge in sale of consumer goods.. and not whether advertisements are ethical or not.. Even if your writing is exemplary, you will LOOSE MARKS for not sticking to the point. The range and quality of food that we can buy has changed because of technological and scientific advances. Some people regard this change as an improvement, while others believe that it is harmful. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Technology is akin to a double edged sword. There is no denying the fact that all technological advancement be it in the field of a computers or something as common as agriculture and fertilizers has its positives and negatives. These dualities exist everywhere. However, I am of the firm belief that advancements in the field of food technology which has helped us lead a richer and happier life is a boon rather than a bane. So, what is the solution to feed the ever increasing world population with limited agricultural land? Obviously, one has to think of newer and better ways to increase productivity. Thus, measures like genetically engineered seeds, disease resistant species, use of fertilizers to increase productivity, have helped the cause of feeding large populations. Revolution in the field of fast food and processed food industry has further helped this cause. Sceptics raise the question of nutritional value of such food and the environmental effects of over-cultivation. No doubt, these concerns are genuine and need to be addressed to ensure sustainable development. Thus, for example, using scientifically advanced methods of food storage and transport can help prevent the food wastage which is estimated to be around 30% of the total yield. This will reduce pressure on production side thus ameliorating the situation of worsening environmental pollution because of over cultivation. In essence, technological advancements in the field of agriculture and processed-food are here to stay. It behoves us to find productive and efficient ways of dealing with issues like food wastage and pollution to ensure sustainable development. Sample 2: WRITING WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.  © IELTS Exam Preparation 2007 Model answer ‘Grass looks greener on the other side’ is a cliche that beautifully sums the elusive topic of money and earnings. In my view successful sports men who have broken the mould and given a new paradigm of human excellence, deserve to earn every penny of money and admiration they get. ‘People always see the rising sun’. It takes nothing less than muscles of iron and nerves of steel to excel in the competitive world of sports, where the margin for error is so small, that one half a second too early or too late is enough to turn a success into a failure. Thus, it takes hours of practice and perseverance to create a Sachin Tendulkar or a Riky Ponting; and in their ephemeral careers of a few years they have to reach the acme of their performance as they retire very early. The money they earn during this small span has to make up for their rest of lives when they lead a retired life. Sceptics hold the notion that what you earn should be in proportion to what you contribute to the mundane world. In their view, a teacher, or a government servant should earn more than a sports person because he helps common man more than a sport person does. One should not forget that a sports man endeavours to pursue a path fraught with a lot of risk and uncertainty; their success is not just a personal achievement but a matter of pride for the whole nation. Success of Nadia Coamnichi, achieving perfect 10 in Olympics is celebrated till date. In essence, sports stars belong to the class of their own; their achievement is a matter of pride for the whole humanity. Mundane scales of compensation for labour are not appropriate to evaluate their earnings. Book 7 Test1: Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each the type of crime. Others however argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Judiciary is an intricate subject. Although most countries have clearly laid down laws and provisions, legal professionals are often bewildered while pronouncing the final verdict. Human life is complex and so are the rules that define it. As far as question of fixed versus variable punishment is concerned fixed laws with due consideration to circumstances whenever required is the way to go, in my view. Clearly laid down laws go a long way in bringing about order in a civilized society. They help citizens to follow the legitimate way of doing things. For example the simple rule to take left while driving ensures safety by avoiding collisions. However, putting down laws for each and every circumstance is an arduous task. For example, can we make a law that legalizes killing if someone appears to be coming with intent to harm us physically? Or what should be the punishment for a hungry man who steals bread from a grocery shop versus someone who has a stealing habit? Clearly, circumstances need to be taken into account while deciding the severity and nature of punishment. A word of caution though, a flexible legal system does not mean a system that can be moulded by anyone. Newspapers are replete with examples where influential criminals like politicians, businessmen, film-actors etc cook-up alibis and go scot free while innocent citizens are unnecessarily harassed. Laws need to have teeth and should be implemented with fairness. It behoves the law makers and legal practitioners to act with fairness, prudence and sagacity. In the final analysis, unequivocal punishment can be pronounced for a crime which has precedence. For others it is imperative to consider circumstances and motives. Task 2 Sample; Thanks to the advancements in the field of technology and transportation, the world has shrunk into a global village. Thus, raw material acquired from Singapore helps Japan manufacture computers; Most of the back office work of the world is now performed in India. Events happening in one part of the world invariably affect the other parts. Hence, leaving aside the moral and ethical question of ‘Love thy neighbor’ it makes eminent sense for the richer nations as well as their organizations to help their developing brothers. As the famous cliche goes If you give someone a fish you help a person for one day, but if you teach fishing you enable him for the whole life. This metaphor can well become the quintessential principle to formulate strategies. No doubt health, education and trade are like Oxygen for the development of poorer nations but doling out these benefits without making them self reliant will be counterproductive. This would be akin to curing the symptoms and ignoring the disease. History is replete with examples where world bank has given enormous amount of money to poorer nations, creating some flash in the pan ephemeral improvements, leaving the citizens debt ridden and poorer in the longer run. To make this arrangement of helping each other sustainable one for the multinational organizations it has to be based on the principle of give and take. Thus, the famous associations of Suzuki and Maruti, where one shares its technological expertise in exchange of cheap labour and big market goes well in the interest of both. The recent step to introduce FDI in retail is another step in the right direction where rich nations to create a symbiotic association developing ones, which are looked at as investment havens. Thus, in a nutshell, it behooves upon the richer and poorer nations to join hands and exchange their expertise to help each other a sustainable, and economically viable symbiotic association. Governments should ensure such arrangement mutually beneficial to make them long lasting. Planning: Introduction. The first chart depicts year wise trend of Japanese tourists travelling across the globe during 85 to 95. The second one illustrates preference of Japanese customers to choose Australia as their travel destination during the same time span. The most significant feature of the first graph is the constant raise in number of travelers between 85 to 90 where the numbers increased more than two fold from 5 million to around 11 million. 91 witnessed a little bit of correction post which it remained constant at 12 million during 92 and 93. The trend again regained its positive momentum to end at around 15 million in 95. Similarly, Australian storyline also depicts an overall positive trend moving from 2 % travelers in 85 to 6 % in mid of 94. It witnessed the most dramatic growth from 84 to 85 to reach at 2%. The positive growth continued with numbers jumping to more than twice ie 4. 8% . The period from 88 to 89 shows a minor dip followed by another span positive growth till 93, when it reached a peak of 6. 3 % finally correcting at 6 % in 94. Thus, the number of international travelers as well those going to Australia witnessed a 3 times jump in the decade of 85 to 95. Dear Sir, I am writing this letter in connection with the impending problems if the plan to expand the airport near my residence is implemented. I would like to apprise you that I am living in Palem Colony which is a densely populated area near to the domestic airport. Moreover, a lot of schools and colleges are also located in the vicinity. The noise created by planes is already a nuisance to the citizens in general and students studying in these colleges in particular. Further expansion of the adjoining airport will add fuel to the fire . While I am well aware of the need of more flights, expanding the current airport w ill prove to be a wrong step. I would suggest opening a new airport in the outskirts would make eminent sense instead. It will not just be more safe but also will provide access to people living in neighboring towns. Hence, I would request the government to consider its decision to expand the current airport. Yours faithfully, In some countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some pl regard this as completely wrong while others consider it as valuable work experience important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this? Use your own ideas knowledge and experience to support your ideas with examples and relevant evidence. Introduction: Importance of practical knowledge can not be deined; it should be by design and not by force†¦ Para 1: Practical knowledge is very important†¦ internship in medical education; management – last year work in some companies.. ; Bill Gates, steve jobs did well thanks to the practicle exposure; BPO industry in India. Para 2: Ground rules – age; type of work; should not be hazardous; criteria should not be to earn money but to gain experience; Para 3: Ill effects; role of government and parents, and social structure.. Conclusion.. There is no denying the fact that practical experience acquired in the battlefield of life is valued more than the theoretical knowledge gained through formal education. However, the experience of a kid working as cheap labourer in car repairing workshop or that of a Nine year old working at the road side tea stall, hardly qualifies for a future profession of any repute. In other words, the nature of paid work and the purpose for indulging into it is an important factor in deciding whether it’s a bane or a boon for the kid. Thus, paid work as a part of overall education design goes well but if a kid is forced to work for money it does not help the cause of a his education. A picture paints a thousand words. Thus, academicians deserve their due credit for designing curricula with internship as a part of the overall scheme. Students of medicine, engineering and management gain invaluable practical experience to hone their skills learnt in the classrooms. The experience so gained plays a pivotal role in securing them an appropriate